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Saturday, August 21, 2010
Ten Steps to Prevent the Next Urban Water Crisis - Part 2
Originally constructed in 1979 and renovated in 2000, the 18-story Park Tower office building at South Coast Plaza in Costa Mesa, CA, remodeled its restrooms over several years and installed efficient flush fixtures to replace all the original toilets. Along with other measures, indoor water use was reduced 31 percent from the LEED-EBOM baseline levels.
Courtesy of The Offices of South Coast Plaza.
6. Water agencies should focus on conservation measures first; these usually reduce water use by 15 percent or more and are far more cost-effective and immediate than developing new sources of supply. Water agencies should provide cash rebates for efficient technologies and continuing public education to shift behavior.
7. To accommodate new water technologies, building codes need to be changed, without losing their essential focus on protecting public health and safety. Adopting the new IAPMO Green Plumbing and Mechanical Code Supplement (2010) provides an easy way to do this.
8. The entire plumbing industry, more than 40,000 plumbers in the US, needs to be trained in green plumbing practices. By working with water agencies and community colleges, many new jobs can be created by introducing new efficiency technologies.
9. Rapid adoption of new WaterSense(R) home labels and other green building labels such as LEED(R) and ENERGY STAR(R) will directly and indirectly reduce water use. This means every new home and building should secure a rating from a nationally accepted third-party certification program.
10. Meter and measure every aspect of water use. “What gets measured, gets managed.” As technology becomes available, plan to use the Internet to get real-time data about your water use at home, work and school. Knowing your daily, even hourly water use, in a simple readable format, can affect behavior, so that you can water use practices quickly without waiting for monthly (or in some cases, even quarterly) water bills to provide the data.
Posted by Jerry on 08/21/2010 at 12:48 PM
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Thursday, August 19, 2010
Ten Steps to Prevent the Next Urban Water Crisis - Part 1
Some of these five actions are immediately possible; others are long-term fixes that will depend on the water issues in a specific region, as well as local political and economic factors.
1. Design, construct and operate non-residential buildings to reduce water use, including reducing energy use (in large buildings, this also reduces water use in cooling towers).
2. Reduce household water use, starting with water audits, installing efficient technologies and changing behavior. Do the easy stuff first: shower heads, faucets and toilets. Then look at dishwashers and laundry water use. Finally, look at reusing graywater and rainwater for irrigation. Home water audits include an analysis of personal behavior as well as the efficiency of fixtures and appliances in the home.
3. Recycle, capture and reuse water more than once; this is the basic principle behind graywater, rainwater and blackwater recycling technology and practice. The key is to match water quality from the supply with required water quality at the point of demand.
4. Reduce water use in landscaping both homes and buildings, with effective irrigation technology and revised plant choices, emphasizing native and adapted vegetation. For more information on home landscaping water conservation, contact any local Extension Service, typically associated in each state with a land-grant (public) university.
5. Water pricing should be structured so that rates rise steeply with use, resulting in significant economic penalties for water waste and excessive water use. Bringing the marketplace into the picture and avoids having to institute severe restrictions on individual choice and employ “water cops” during drought emergencies.
Systematically applied these five steps begin to move us away from the cliff of future water shortages. Next post, I’ll add the final five steps.
At the €2 million DEUS 21 research project in Knittlingen near Pforzheim, Germany, the Water House not only cleans rainwater and recycles wastewater from the connected households, but it also produces biogas and electrical power. Courtesy of Klaus König.
Posted by Jerry on 08/19/2010 at 05:35 PM
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Wednesday, August 11, 2010
Graywater Systems Provide New Water Resources
This graywater system provides good-water-quality effluent without chemicals, using filters, biological treatment and UV-sterilization.
Courtesy of Pontos/Hansgrohe AG.
This integrated sink/toilet fixture attempts to recycle graywater from hand washing and other sink use directly into the toilet tank. Courtesy of Caroma.
On a visit to Frankfurt, Germany, as part of my research for Dry Run: Preventing the Next Urban Water Crisis, I saw a packaged graywater system in use at a large office complex. The AquaCycle, manufactured by the Pontos division of German manufacturer Hansgrohe, relies on biological, rather than chemical treatment. After pre-filtration, the graywater is treated with oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure. Microorganisms inside a treatment tank break down the biodegradable content of the water with metabolic processes. Surplus biologically active sludge is automatically removed and fed into a wastewater drain. The water undergoes the same treatment a second time and then passes through a UV (lamp) light for sterilization. After this treatment stage, the recycled water is odorless and can be stored for long periods of time.
Packaged graywater systems for commercial projects are also available from other manufacturers such as Brac Systems. For household systems, you’ll have to turn to local companies that can assemble the project from components or perhaps find a pre-engineered system, such as the Aqua2Use system from Australia, imported by WaterWise Group.
Perhaps the simplest graywater harvesting system for residential applications is the integrated sink/toilet combination. This new fixture, available from both Caroma and Sloan Valve, takes water from washing, shaving and other sink uses and puts it directly into the toilet tank as graywater for future flushing. As we enter a new era of water conservation thinking, more companies are going to produce similar systems, so that no usable water ever goes to waste!
Posted by Jerry on 08/11/2010 at 04:45 PM
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Water Conservation Begins at Home - Think Twice, Flush Once!
In most homes, toilets are the largest water user inside the home. Although the federal Energy Policy Act of 1992 mandated a maximum of 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf) for new toilets beginning in 1994, many homes and apartments still have older toilets that might use 3.5-gpf or more. If you’re in an older home, get rid of that old flusher fast!
High efficiency toilets (HETs) use at least 20 percent less water than standard 1.6-gpf models. The most popular household HET is the dual-flush toilet. Dual-flush toilets use about 1.6-gpf for solids and 0.8 to 1.1-gpf for liquids. For a household of four people, the savings from a dual-flush toilet is about 3,360 gallons annually, reducing water use for sanitation by 37.5 percent and total household water consumption by 10 percent.
Nearly every toilet component, including the tank, flush valve, bowl rim and trapway, has been re-engineered using tools such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) computer modeling, making today’s models far more reliable than first generation HETs from the 1990s.
In the 1970s, during times of water shortages, a popular motto was, “If it’s yellow, let it mellow; if it’s brown, flush it down,” and everyone put bricks in their toilets to save water. Now, with dual-flush toilets, we can accomplish the same goal and not disrupt the flushing mechanism.
Dual-flush toilets potentially can save 25 percent or more of the water used in current flush-toilets and much more compared with older (pre-1992) models. Courtesy of Caroma.
Posted by Jerry on 08/11/2010 at 04:12 PM
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